Editores Springer Verlag GmbH

Cover for Dimitri Beskos · Boundary Element Advances in Solid Mechanics - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Boundary Element Advances in Sol... (2003)

Cover for Vien · Biomechanics of Soft Tissue in Cardiovascular Systems - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition] (2003)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition

Biomechanics of Soft Tissue in C... (2003)

Cover for Frederico M Mazzolani · Aluminium Structural Design - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Aluminium Structural Design - CI... (2003)

Frederico M Mazzolani

Cover for Thomas Berger · Neurologische Erkrankungen in Der Schwangerschaft (Book) [2007 edition] (2006)

Neurologische Erkrankungen in De... (2006)

Cover for Numerical Simulation in Tunnelling (Hardcover Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Numerical Simulation in Tunnelling (2003)

Cover for G Pedrizzetti · Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition] (2003)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition

Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics -... (2003)

Cover for D W Pearson · Artificial Neural Nets and Genetic Algorithms: Proceedings of the International Conference in Roanne, France, 2003 (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition] (2003)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition

Artificial Neural Nets and Genet... (2003)

Cover for Ann R Karagozian · Manipulation and Control of Jets in Crossflow - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Manipulation and Control of Jets... (2003)

Ann R Karagozian

Cover for Gabriele Halwachs-Baumann · Die Konnatale Zytomegalievirusinfektion: Epidemiologie - Diagnose - Therapie (Paperback Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Die Konnatale Zytomegalievirusin... (2003)

Gabriele Halwachs-Baumann

Cover for Gerd Laux · Neuro-Psychopharmaka Kompakt: UEbersichtstabellen Zu Substanzcharakteristik, Indikationen, Dosierungen, Nebenwirkungen, Wechselwirkungen, Kontraindikationen (Hardcover Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Neuro-Psychopharmaka Kompakt: UE... (2003)

Cover for Helmut Graf · Psychotherapie in Der Arbeitswelt (Hardcover Book) [German, 1 edition] (2003)

German, 1 edition

Psychotherapie in Der Arbeitswelt (2003)

Cover for Beatrix Rosenthaler · Was Haben Sie? Was Fehlt Ihnen?: Praxisorientiertes Nlp Im Gesundheitswesen (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2003)

Was Haben Sie? Was Fehlt Ihnen?:... (2003)

Beatrix Rosenthaler

Cover for B. Hofmann-Wellenhof · Navigation: Principles of Positioning and Guidance (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition] (2003)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition

Navigation: Principles of Positi... (2003)

B. Hofmann-Wellenhof

Cover for R K W Viertl · Einfuhrung in Die Stochastik: Mit Elementen Der Bayes-Statistik Und Der Analyse Unscharfer Information - Springers Lehrbucher Der Informatik (Paperback Book) [3rd edition] (2003)

Einfuhrung in Die Stochastik: Mi... (2003)

Cover for Craig Crossen · Sky Vistas: Astronomy for Binoculars and Richest-Field Telescopes (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2003)

Sky Vistas: Astronomy for Binocu... (2003)

Cover for Choi-Keung Ng · Modern Mitral Valve Repair: Echocardiographic Interpretations and Surgical Strategies (Hardcover Book) (2003)

Modern Mitral Valve Repair: Echo... (2003)

Cover for Brain Edema XII: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium, Hakone, Japan, November 10-13, 2002 - Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Hardcover Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Brain Edema XII: Proceedings of ... (2003)

Cover for Neurosurgical Re-Engineering of the Damaged Brain and Spinal Cord - Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Hardcover Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Neurosurgical Re-Engineering of ... (2003)

Cover for Enrico De Divitiis · Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery (Hardcover Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Endoscopic Endonasal Transspheno... (2003)

Enrico De Divitiis

Cover for Wolfgang W. Fleischhacker · Addiction Mechanisms, Phenomenology and Treatment - Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa (Hardcover Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Addiction Mechanisms, Phenomenol... (2003)

Wolfgang W. Fleischhacker

Cover for W W Fleischhacker · Addiction Mechanisms, Phenomenology and Treatment - Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition] (2003)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition

Addiction Mechanisms, Phenomenol... (2003)

W W Fleischhacker

Cover for Christoph Jungemann · Hierarchical Device Simulation: the Monte-carlo Perspective - Computational Microelectronics (Hardcover Book) (2003)

Hierarchical Device Simulation: ... (2003)

Christoph Jungemann

Cover for H. Budzikiewicz · Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products - Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2003)

Progress in the Chemistry of Org... (2003)

H. Budzikiewicz

Cover for Janice Aldrich-wright · Metallointercalators: Synthesis and Techniques to Probe Their Interactions with Biomolecules (Hardcover Book) (2011)

Metallointercalators: Synthesis ... (2011)

Janice Aldrich-wright

Cover for Gottfried Punz · Evolution of 3G Networks: The Concept, Architecture and Realization of Mobile Networks Beyond UMTS (Hardcover Book) [2010 edition] (2009)

Evolution of 3G Networks: The Co... (2009)

Cover for Nasrullah Memon · Mathematical Methods in Counterterrorism (Hardcover Book) [2009 edition] (2009)

Mathematical Methods in Countert... (2009)

Nasrullah Memon

Cover for Oresto S Bursi · Modern Testing Techniques for Structural Systems: Dynamics and Control - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Modern Testing Techniques for St... (2008)

Cover for Carlo F Barenghi · Vortices and Turbulence at Very Low Temperatures - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Vortices and Turbulence at Very ... (2008)

Carlo F Barenghi

Cover for Hans Morschitzky · Angststorungen: Diagnostik, Konzepte, Therapie, Selbsthilfe (Hardcover Book) [4. Auflage 2009 edition] (2009)

4. Auflage 2009 edition

Angststorungen: Diagnostik, Konz... (2009)

Hans Morschitzky

Cover for Dietmar Dietrich · Simulating the Mind: A Technical Neuropsychoanalytical Approach (Hardcover Book) [2009 edition] (2008)

Simulating the Mind: A Technical... (2008)

Dietmar Dietrich

Cover for Cerebral Hemorrhage - Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Cerebral Hemorrhage - Acta Neuro... (2008)

Cover for J. D. Pickard · Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery - Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2003)

Advances and Technical Standards... (2003)

Cover for 9783211272480 · Osteosynthese der schenkelhalsfraktur: ein bildatlas (Hardcover Book) [2005 edition] (2004)

Osteosynthese der schenkelhalsfr... (2004)

Cover for Ed Altenbach · Modern Trends in Composite Laminates Mechanics - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition] (2003)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition

Modern Trends in Composite Lamin... (2003)

Cover for Manfred Schmidbauer · Der Gitterlose Kafig: Wie Unser Gehirn Die Realitat Erschafft (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2003)

Der Gitterlose Kafig: Wie Unser ... (2003)

Manfred Schmidbauer

Cover for Reinhard Ldnger · Gesundheit Aus Der Naturapotheke: Richtiger Umgang Mit Pflanzlichen Arzneimitteln (Hardcover Book) [German, 1 edition] (2004)

German, 1 edition

Gesundheit Aus Der Naturapotheke... (2004)

Reinhard Ldnger

Cover for Mehta Gerda · Die Praxis Der Psychologie: Ein Karriereplaner (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Die Praxis Der Psychologie: Ein ... (2004)

Cover for Emergence and Control of Zoonotic Viral Encephalitides - Archives of Virology. Supplementa (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2004 edition] (2004)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2004 edition

Emergence and Control of Zoonoti... (2004)

Cover for Emergence and Control of Zoonotic Viral Encephalitides - Archives of Virology: Supplementa (Hardcover Book) (2004)

Emergence and Control of Zoonoti... (2004)

Cover for Cesare Davini · Problems in Structural Identification and Diagnostics: General Aspects and Applications: MURST Project n. MM08342598 - COFIN 2000 - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2003 edition] (2003)

Problems in Structural Identific... (2003)

Cover for Leo Auerbach · Ernahrung Bei Krebs Nach Den 5 Elementen Der Tcm (Hardcover Book) [2005 edition] (2005)

Ernahrung Bei Krebs Nach Den 5 E... (2005)

Cover for Peter Pichler · Intrinsic Point Defects, Impurities, and Their Diffusion in Silicon - Computational Microelectronics (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Intrinsic Point Defects, Impurit... (2004)

Cover for J F Grove · Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 88 - Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products (Hardcover Book) (2006)

Fortschritte der Chemie organisc... (2006)

Cover for V Bertola · Modelling and Experimentation in Two-Phase Flow - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition] (2004)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2003 edition

Modelling and Experimentation in... (2004)

Cover for Digital (R)Evolution in Radiology: Bridging the Future of Health Care (Hardcover Book) [2nd, rev. and enlarged ed. 2006 edition] (2005)

2nd, rev. and enlarged ed. 2006 edition

Digital (R)Evolution in Radiolog... (2005)

Cover for Stefanie Hahmann · Geometric Modelling: Dagstuhl 2002 (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Geometric Modelling: Dagstuhl 2002 (2004)

Stefanie Hahmann

Cover for Manfred Schmidbauer · Das Kreative Netzwerk: Wie Unser Gehirn in Bildern Spricht (Paperback Book) [German, 2004 edition] (2004)

German, 2004 edition

Das Kreative Netzwerk: Wie Unser... (2004)

Manfred Schmidbauer

Cover for Cem Ekmekcioglu · Essentielle Spurenelemente: Klinik und Ernahrungsmedizin (Paperback Book) [2006 edition] (2006)

Essentielle Spurenelemente: Klin... (2006)

Cem Ekmekcioglu

Cover for Kowalewski Tomasz a · Phase Change with Convection: Modelling and Validation - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Phase Change with Convection: Mo... (2004)

Kowalewski Tomasz a

Cover for Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Damage from Trauma and Ischemia: Recent Advances of our Understanding - Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Mechanisms of Secondary Brain Da... (2004)

Cover for Ansgar Jungel · Nonlinear Differential Equation Models (Hardcover Book) (2004)

Nonlinear Differential Equation ... (2004)

Cover for Gerda Mehta · Streiten Kulturen?: Konzepte Und Methoden Einer Kultursensitiven Mediation (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Streiten Kulturen?: Konzepte Und... (2004)

Cover for Th Muller · Focus on Extrapyramidal Dysfunction - Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Focus on Extrapyramidal Dysfunct... (2004)

Cover for T Mller · Focus on Extrapyramidal Dysfunction - Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2004 edition] (2004)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2004 edition

Focus on Extrapyramidal Dysfunct... (2004)

Cover for Wolfgang Kastner · Informatik: Aufgaben Und Losungen (Paperback Book) [3., uberarb. Aufl. edition] (2004)

3., uberarb. Aufl. edition

Informatik: Aufgaben Und Losungen (2004)

Wolfgang Kastner

Cover for Christoph Berhuber · Matlab 7: Eine Einfuhrung (Paperback Book) [German, 2005 edition] (2004)

German, 2005 edition

Matlab 7: Eine Einfuhrung (2004)

Christoph Berhuber

Cover for Hedwig Raskob · Die Logotherapie Und Existenzanalyse Viktor Frankls: Systematisch Und Kritisch (Hardcover Book) [2005 edition] (2004)

Die Logotherapie Und Existenzana... (2004)

Cover for Bernard Favre-Bulle · Automatisierung Komplexer Industrieprozesse: Systeme, Verfahren Und Informationsmanagement (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Automatisierung Komplexer Indust... (2004)

Bernard Favre-Bulle

Cover for P B Pascolo · Biomechanics and Sports: Proceedings of the XI Winter Universiads 2003 - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Biomechanics and Sports: Proceed... (2004)

Cover for Mechanics and Thermomechanics of Rubberlike Solids - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Mechanics and Thermomechanics of... (2004)

Cover for Beat Hintermann · Total Ankle Arthroplasty: Historical Overview, Current Concepts and Future Perspectives (Hardcover Book) [2005 edition] (2004)

Total Ankle Arthroplasty: Histor... (2004)

Beat Hintermann

Cover for H -j Reulen · Training in Neurosurgery in the Countries of the EU: A Guide to Organize a Training Programme - Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Training in Neurosurgery in the ... (2004)

Cover for Chemo-Mechanical Couplings in Porous Media Geomechanics and Biomechanics - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Chemo-Mechanical Couplings in Po... (2004)

Cover for Martino Ruggieri · Neurocutaneous Disorders: Phakomatoses & Hamartoneoplastic Syndromes (Hardcover Book) [2008 edition] (2008)

Neurocutaneous Disorders: Phakom... (2008)

Martino Ruggieri

Cover for J D Pickard · Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery Vol. 30 - Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery (Hardcover Book) [2005 edition] (2004)

Advances and Technical Standards... (2004)

Cover for Hanni Rutzler · Was Essen Wir Morgen?: 13 Food Trends Der Zukunft (Book) [2005 edition] (2004)

Was Essen Wir Morgen?: 13 Food T... (2004)

Cover for Paris - Wien: Enzyklopeadien Im Vergleich (Paperback Book) [2005 edition] (2005)

Paris - Wien: Enzyklopeadien Im ... (2005)

Cover for Felix Darve · Degradations and Instabilities in Geomaterials - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Degradations and Instabilities i... (2004)

Cover for V. Starov · Fluid Mechanics of Surfactant and Polymer Solutions - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Fluid Mechanics of Surfactant an... (2004)

Cover for Zvonka Zupanic Slavec · New Method of Identifying Family Related Skulls: Forensic Medicine, Anthropology, Epigenetics (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

New Method of Identifying Family... (2004)

Zvonka Zupanic Slavec

Cover for Gerhard M. Fasching · Werkstoffe fur die Elektrotechnik: Mikrophysik, Struktur, Eigenschaften (Paperback Book) [4. Auflage 2005 edition] (2004)

4. Auflage 2005 edition

Werkstoffe fur die Elektrotechni... (2004)

Gerhard M. Fasching

Cover for C. Visvanathan · Walking: Biological and Technological Aspects - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Walking: Biological and Technolo... (2004)

Cover for Hannes Brandau · Das Adhs-Puzzle: Systemisch-Evolutionare Aspekte, Unfallrisiko Und Klinische Perspektiven (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Das Adhs-Puzzle: Systemisch-Evol... (2004)

Cover for Karl H Tragl · Operationen an Alteren Menschen: Nicht-chirurgische Aspekte (Paperback Book) [German, 2004 edition] (2004)

German, 2004 edition

Operationen an Alteren Menschen:... (2004)

Cover for D -k Bvker · Schadelbasischirurgie: Robotik, Neuronavigation, Vordere Schadelgrube (Paperback Book) (2004)

Schadelbasischirurgie: Robotik, ... (2004)

Cover for Regina Lackner · Wie Pippa wieder lachen lernte (Book) [2004 edition] (2005)

Wie Pippa wieder lachen lernte (2005)

Cover for K. Pal-Handl · Wie Pippa wieder lachen lernte: Ein Bilderbuch fur Kinder (Paperback Book) [1. Aufl. 2004 edition] (2004)

1. Aufl. 2004 edition

Wie Pippa wieder lachen lernte: ... (2004)

Cover for Brigitte Lueger-Schuster · Wie Pippa wieder lachen lernte: Elternratgeber fur traumatisierte Kinder (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Wie Pippa wieder lachen lernte: ... (2004)

Brigitte Lueger-Schuster

Cover for Gianpetro Del Piero · Multiscale Modeling in Continuum Mechanics and Structured Deformations - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Multiscale Modeling in Continuum... (2004)

Gianpetro Del Piero

Cover for Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and Devices 2004 (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Simulation of Semiconductor Proc... (2004)

Cover for Hans Irschik · Advanced Dynamics and Control of Structures and Machines - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2004 edition] (2004)

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2004 edition

Advanced Dynamics and Control of... (2004)

Cover for Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: European Standards and Perspectives - Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Hardcover Book) [2004 edition] (2004)

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Europe... (2004)

Cover for Thomas Driemeyer · Rendering with mental ray (R) - mental ray (R) Handbooks (Paperback Book) [3rd, completely revised ed. 2005 edition] (2005)

3rd, completely revised ed. 2005 edition

Rendering with mental ray (R) - ... (2005)

Thomas Driemeyer

Cover for Peter Riederer · Neuro-Psychopharmaka. Ein Therapie-Handbuch: Band 6: Notfalltherapie, Antiepileptika, Psychostimulantien, Suchttherapeutika Und Sonstige Psychopharmaka (Book) [2., neu bearb. Aufl. edition] (2005)

2., neu bearb. Aufl. edition

Neuro-Psychopharmaka. Ein Therap... (2005)

Cover for Advanced Peripheral Nerve Surgery and Minimal Invasive Spinal Surgery - Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement (Hardcover Book) [2005 edition] (2005)

Advanced Peripheral Nerve Surger... (2005)

Cover for Paul Haber · Medizinische Trainingstherapie: Anleitungen Fur Die Praxis (Book) [2006 edition] (2005)

Medizinische Trainingstherapie: ... (2005)

Cover for Bachl, Norbert (University of Vienna Austria) · Fit Ins Alter: MIT Richtiger Bewegung Jung Bleiben (Book) [2006 edition] (2005)

Fit Ins Alter: MIT Richtiger Bew... (2005)

Bachl, Norbert (University of Vi...

Cover for Kuzbari, Rafic N. (Wilhelminenspital) · Der Wissenschaftliche Vortrag (Paperback Book) [55th 2006 edition] (2005)

55th 2006 edition

Der Wissenschaftliche Vortrag (2005)

Kuzbari, Rafic N. (Wilhelminensp...

Cover for Harald Stefan · Praxishandbuch Pflegeprozess: Lernen - Verstehen - Anwenden (Hardcover Book) [2006 edition] (2005)

Praxishandbuch Pflegeprozess: Le... (2005)

Cover for Beat Hintermann · Endoprothetik DES Sprunggelenks: Historischer Uberblick, Aktuelle Therapiekonzepte Und Entwicklungen (Book) [2005 edition] (2005)

Endoprothetik DES Sprunggelenks:... (2005)

Beat Hintermann

Cover for M Nicola-teschler · Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: The Mladec Caves and their Remains (Hardcover Book) [2006 edition] (2006)

Early Modern Humans at the Morav... (2006)

M Nicola-teschler

Cover for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Principles of Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment (Hardcover Book) [2006 edition] (2005)

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease:... (2005)

Cover for Ballonkyphoplastie (Book) [2006 edition] (2005)

Ballonkyphoplastie (2005)

Cover for Franz Fischl · Wirtschaftsfaktor Brustkrebs: Werden Frauen Und Ihre Angste Instrumentalisiert? (Paperback Book) [2005 edition] (2005)

Wirtschaftsfaktor Brustkrebs: We... (2005)

Cover for Wolfgang Beiglbc6ck · Handbuch der klinisch-psychologischen Behandlung (Hardcover Book) [2. Aufl. 2006 edition] (2006)

2. Aufl. 2006 edition

Handbuch der klinisch-psychologi... (2006)

Wolfgang Beiglbc6ck

Cover for Otto Zsok · Viktor Frankl Und Die Philosophie (Paperback Book) [2005 edition] (2005)

Viktor Frankl Und Die Philosophie (2005)

Cover for Bernhard Mitterauer · Verlust Der Selbst-Grenzen: Entwurf Einer Interdisziplinaren Theorie Der Schizophrenie (Paperback Book) [2005 edition] (2004)

Verlust Der Selbst-Grenzen: Entw... (2004)

Bernhard Mitterauer

Cover for Rudolf Frieling · Medien Kunst Netz 2 / Media Art Net 2: Thematische Schwerpunkte / Key Topics (Hardcover Book) [2005 edition] (2005)

Medien Kunst Netz 2 / Media Art ... (2005)

Rudolf Frieling

Cover for R K W Viertl · Beschreibung Und Analyse Unscharfer Information: Statistische Methoden Fur Unscharfe Daten (Paperback Book) [2006 edition] (2005)

Beschreibung Und Analyse Unschar... (2005)

Cover for Franz Dieter Fischer · Moving Interfaces in Crystalline Solids - CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (Paperback Book) [2005 edition] (2005)

Moving Interfaces in Crystalline... (2005)

Franz Dieter Fischer